​Abdomen and pelvis

• Midline incision or midline laparotomy – The most common incision for laparotomy is the midline incision, a vertical incision that follows the linea alba. Midline incisions are particularly favored in diagnostic laparotomy, as they allow broad access to most of the abdominal cavity.

  • The upper midline incision usually extends from the xiphoid process to the umbilicus.

  • A typical lower midline incision is limited by the umbilicus superiorly and the pubic symphysis inferiorly.

  • Sometimes a single incision extending from the xiphoid process to pubic symphysis is employed, especially in trauma surgery. Typically, a smooth curve is made around the umbilicus.

• Pfannenstiel incision, Kerr incision, or Pfannenstiel-Kerr incision is the lower transverse incision made in, the lower segment of the uterus below the umbilicus and just above the pubic symphysis. It is commonly used in the Caesarian section and for abdominal hysterectomy for benign diseases. In the classic Pfannenstiel incision, the skin and subcutaneous tissue are incised transversally, but the linea alba is opened vertically.

• Chevron incision is a cut made on the abdomen below the rib cage. The amount starts under the mid-axillary line below the ribs on the right side of the stomach and continues across the stomach to the opposite mid-axillary line. Thereby the whole width of the core is cut to provide access to the liver. The average length of the incision is approximately 24 to 30 inches.

• Cherney incision – Cherney described a transverse incision that allows excellent surgical exposure to the space of the Retzius and the pelvic sidewall. The curvilinear skin and rectus fascial incision is made two finger breadths above the symphysis pubis and carried in Langer's lines from 2 fingerbreadths medial to one anterior superior iliac spine to the corresponding position medial to the opposite anterior superior iliac spine. The anterior rectus fascia is mobilized distally off the underlying rectus muscle bodies. The pyramidal muscles are dissected free and sharply excised to expose the underlying rectus tendons. An index finger develops a plane between the rectus muscle's fibrous tendons and the underlying transversalis fascia. Using a sharp no.10 scalpel blade, the rectus tendons are transected transversely 1–2 cm distal to the superior edge of the pubic bone. Rectus muscle should never be cut. The rectus muscles are retracted, and the peritoneum is opened. The inferior epigastric vessels may need division. The closure is accomplished with 5 to 6 horizontal mattress sutures of permanent braided sutures approximating the anterior rectus tendons to the intact distal anterior rectus fascia. Continuous monofilament suture closure of lateral edges of the rectus muscle to the anterior rectus fascia prevents hernia. Patients should wear a binder for at least two weeks. No incision provides wider pelvic exposure and is relatively painless compared to midline incisions. The result is the most pleasing cosmetic result of any abdominal incision.

• Kocher's incision – An oblique incision made in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, classically used for open cholecystectomy. Named after Emil Theodor Kocher. It is appropriate for certain operations on the liver, gallbladder, and biliary tract. This shares a name with the Kocher incision used for thyroid surgery: a transverse, slightly curved incision about 2 cm above the sternoclavicular joints;

• Kustner's incision – A transverse incision is made 5 cm above the symphysis pubis but below the anterior iliac spine. The subcutaneous tissue is then separated in the midline, exposing the linea alba. Next, a vertical midline incision is made through the linea alba. Care is taken to control and ligate any branches of the superficial epigastric vessels. This incision step is usually time-consuming and is one of the associated limitations. This type of incision offers little extensibility and less exposure than a Pfannestiel incision.

• Lanz incision – A variation of the traditional Mc Burney's incision, which was made at McBurney's point on the abdomen: The Lanz incision is made at the same point along the transverse plane and deemed cosmetically better. It is typically used to perform an open appendectomy. However, variations exist in the method used to locate the incision. Some surgeons advocate that the incision is made approximately 2 cm below the umbilicus, centered on the mid-clavicular-mid inguinal line. Others imply using McBurney's point to center the incision (1/3rd of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus).

• Maylard incision – A variation of Pfannenstiel incision is the Maylard incision, in which the rectus abdominis muscles are sectioned transversally to permit complete access to the pelvis.[6] The Maylard incision is also called the Mackenrodt incision. The incision in the rectus muscles is performed with the help of cautery, scalpel, or surgical stapler. It is essential to identify the inferior epigastric vessels on the lateral surface of these muscles and ensure their isolation and ligation if the incision spans more than half the rectus muscle width. It is advisable not to separate the rectus muscles from the anterior rectus sheath to prevent their retraction, which facilitates closure at the end of the procedure. Among the complications associated with this type of incision is delayed bleeding from the cut edges of the rectus muscles and the deep epigastric vessels. Furthermore, depending on the patient's body habitus, this incision may not offer adequate exposure to the upper abdomen.

• McBurney incision/gridiron incision– Described in 1894 by McBurney, used for appendectomy. An oblique incision was made in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, classically used for appendectomy. The incision is placed perpendicular to the spin umbilical line at McBurney's point, i.e., at the junction of lateral one-third and medial two-thirds of spino-umblical line. This is the incision used for open appendectomy; it begins 2 to 5 centimeters above the anterior superior iliac spine and continues to a point one-third of the way to the umbilicus (McBurney's point). Thus, the incision is parallel to the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, which allows the muscle to be split in the direction of its fibers, decreasing healing times and scar tissue formation. This incision heals rapidly and generally has good cosmetic results, mainly if a subcuticular suture is used to close the skin.

• McEvedy's incision – McEvedy's original incision was a lateral paramedian incision used to incise the rectus sheath along its lateral margin and gain access by pulling the rectus medially. This incision became obsolete because of the very high incisional hernia rate. A modification was introduced by Nyhus, which used a transverse (oblique) skin incision 3 cm above the inguinal ligament and a transverse incision (diagonal) to divide the anterior rectus sheath. The rectus muscle was then pulled medially. This modification prevented the high incisional hernia rate.

• Turner-Warwick's incision – This type of incision is placed 2 cm above the symphysis pubis and within the lateral borders of the rectus muscles. The sheath overlying the rectus muscles at the symphysis pubis is released 4 cm transversely, and the incision is angled up to the lateral borders of the rectus muscles. The lateral edges of the incisions remain medial to the internal oblique muscles. The sheath may be released off the aponeurosis with the help of traction applied using Kocher clamps. The pyramidal muscles are typically left attached to the aponeurosis. The rectus muscles are separated, and the incision is made in the midline. This type of incision is suitable for exposure to the retropubic space but offers limited access to the upper pelvis and abdomen.

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